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ื”ื›ืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ื



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ื‘ืกืงืจ ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ืฉื ืช 2013 ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ื” ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช. ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ 20 ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ (ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื™ืฉื•, ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื•ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ืงื™ืกืจ). ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืฉืžื• ื•ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืฉืžื• ื•ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ, ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืคื•ืจืกื?


ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื›ื ืก ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžื•ื–ืจ ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ ืœืจืฉื™ืžื” ืžืคื•ืืจืช ื–ื•? ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื—ื” ื‘ื—ืœืงื” ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืืœื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1905 ("ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืžื•ืคืœืื”"), ืฉื‘ื” ืคืจืกื ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช, ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืืžืจื™ื ืฉืฉื™ื ื• ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ื•, ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื•ืจ, ืœื–ืžืŸ, ืœืžืจื—ื‘, ื•ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื. ืžื” ืฉื”ืคืš ืืช ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืคืจืกื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1905 ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืขืฉื•ืจ (1915), ืคืจืกื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช.


ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”"ืžื”ืคื›ื”", ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžืขื˜ ืื—ื•ืจื” ืœืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื” - 19. ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ 2500 ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืžื—ืงืจ, ืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื›ื•ืœื•.

ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ืื ื™ืช ืฉืœื˜ื” ื‘ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื”, ืืฉืจ ื”ืืžื™ื ื” ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืจื—ื‘ ื•ื–ืžืŸ. ืœืžื” ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื ื•, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžืจื—ื‘ ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ื™ื?


ื–ืžืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ื”ื•ื ื–ืžืŸ "ื”ื ืข" ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื—ื™ื“ ื•ืœืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™. ื”ื–ืžืŸ "ื–ื•ืจื" ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืื•ืชื• ืงื• ื–ืžืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื•ืื—ื™ื“.


ืžืจื—ื‘ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ื. ืชื ืกื• ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ ื”ืžืจื—ืฃ ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ืจื™ืง ื›ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื• ื—ื•ืฉืš ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ (ืžืฆื‘ ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื›ืœืœ). ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืขืฆืžื• ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื•. ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืื™ื ื• ื—ืฉ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื— ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ืžืขื ื™ืง ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื• ื”ืžืขื ื™ืง ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช "ื”ืจื•ื— ื‘ืฉืขืจื•ืช". ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื–ื”, ื‘ื• ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืฉื•ื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื•, ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืคื•ืก ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื™ื™ื—. ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื’ื ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื ื•, ืฉืื ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืžืœื ื‘ื—ืœืœ ืจื™ืง (ืžืœื‘ื“ ืื•ืชื• ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜), ื”ืจื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ ืชื ื•ืขื”. ืชื ื•ืขื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืจืง ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ืื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ื›ื–ื•. ื›ืขืช ืชืžืœืื• ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืจื™ืง ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืžื™ื. ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื”ืื ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืื• ืœื, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ื ืข ืื• ืœื, ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื™ื ื”ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืื•ืชื•.


ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ืื ื™ืช ืคืชืจื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”"ืืชืจ". ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื” โ€“ 19, ืžืœืื• ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื›ื•ืœื• ื‘ืืชืจ, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืฉืงื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื• ืžื›ื™ืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื (ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ืจื™ืง) ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื”, ืฉืืœื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ื›ืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื”ื• ืžืจื—ื‘ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜.

ื”ืžื“ืข ืฉืœ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื” - 19 ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืชืจ, ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฆืื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืœืœื ืฉื•ื ื‘ื™ืกื•ืก ืชืฆืคื™ืชื™.


ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื—ื™ื“ ื•ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ืžื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื•ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื›ืจืงืข ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืจืื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื. ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืฉืงื•ืฃ ื”ืžืžืœื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื•, ื”ื ืงืจื ื™ืงื•ื, ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื•.


ื‘ืฉื ืช 1887 ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืžื™ื™ืงืœืกื•ืŸ ื•ืžื•ืจืœื™ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืืชืจ. ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื ื›ืฉืœ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ืจืง ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ (ื› 20 ืฉื ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ) ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจ ื›ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืืฉืจ ื”ืคืจื™ืš ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืชืจ. ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื™ืฆื ืžื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื–ื”, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืœื›ืœ ืฆื•ืคื” ื•ืื™ื ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืชื ื•ืขืชื•. ืžืžืฆื ื–ื” ืกืชืจ ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ืื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืกื“ืงื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืื•ืœื, ืžื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจ? ื”ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื”.


ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืื•ืจ ื ืข ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื› 300,000 ืงืž"ืฉ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืฉื ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ, ืื•ืœื, ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืฆื•ืคื” ืžืกื•ื™ื. ืื ืืชื ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื‘, ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ 100 ืงืž"ืฉ ื•ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื“ื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืžื•ืœื›ื, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืจืื” ืืชื›ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ืืœื™ื•, ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ 100 ืงืž"ืฉ. ืื ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื, ืจื•ื›ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคื ื•ืข ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช 50 ืงืž"ืฉ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื›ื, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืื” ืืชื›ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ 150 ืงืž"ืฉ, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื›ื ื”ื™ื ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ื™ื—ื“. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”, ืื ื”ืื•ืคื ื•ืข ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืจื—ืง ืžื›ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช 50 ืงืž"ืฉ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ื“ืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช 100 ืงืž"ืฉ, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืื” ืืชื›ื ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ืืœื™ื• ืžืื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ 50 ืงืž"ืฉ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืคื ื•ืข ืฉืœื• ื”ืžืชืจื—ืง ืžื›ื. ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื›ืœ ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื’ื•ืคื™ื, ืื—ื“ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉื ื™, ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื• ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืจ ืฉืœื”ื.

ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืžื™ืกืชื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ืงืœืกื•ืŸ ื•ืžื•ืจืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ืื•ืจ ืœื ืžืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื–ื•. ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ืงืฉืจ ืœืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื” ืื ื™ ื ืข ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืจ ื•ืžืžื ื•, ืื ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ืืจืื” ืืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื›ืงื‘ื•ืขื”. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ืื ื™ ืžืชืงืจื‘ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืคื ืก ืฉืžืื™ืจ ืขืœื™ ืืช ืื•ืจื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ 300,000 ืงืž"ืฉ ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืžืชืงืจื‘ ืืœื™ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื–ื• ื•ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืจ ืื ื™ ืืชืงื“ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื•. ื’ื ืื ืื ื™ ืื ื•ืข ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ 290,000 ืงืž"ืฉ, ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืจืื” ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืžืชืงืจื‘ ืืœื™ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ 300,000 ืงืž"ืฉ. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื ืชืคืกืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ืกื•ืชืจืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ืชื•ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ.

ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื•ื–ืจ ืงื•ืจื”. ืื ื”ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืื™ื–ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ ืื• ื–ืžืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืื•ืชื, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืื• ืœื”ื—ืกื™ืจ ืืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ืจ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื.


ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื” - 20 ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื, ืžืฉื•ืขืžื ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ืคืงื™ื“ ื•ืฉืงืข ื‘ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ืงื™ืฅ ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืจื•ื“ืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืงืจืŸ ืื•ืจ ื•ืžื” ื™ืจืื” ืื“ื ื”ืžืชืจื—ืง ืžืฉืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ.

ื•ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘, ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื’ืื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”: ืžื” ืฉืงื‘ื•ืข ื•ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ื”ื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืฉืชื ื” ื•ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื•ื”ื–ืžืŸ.


ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืžื“ื’ื™ืžื” ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข, ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื•ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ื” ื‘ืœื™ ืงืฉืจ ืœืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืชื ื•ืขืชื• ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื”. ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจื”, ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื•ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื ืข ื™ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื•. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื’ื•ืฃ ื ืข ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื• ืžืชืงืชืง ืœืื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ืื—ืจ, ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื—ื™ื“ ื•ื–ื”ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืืœื ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘. ืจืง ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช (ื”ืขืงืžื•ืžื™ื•ืช) ืฉืœ ื”"ืžืจื—ื‘-ื–ืžืŸ" (ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉื˜ื‘ืข ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืจืžืŸ ืžื™ื ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™) ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืืคืฉืจ ืืช ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื•ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจ. ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืขืงืžื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘-ื–ืžืŸ ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ื’ื ืžื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื•ื”ืžืฆืื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืกื” ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืื• ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื (ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช), ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืืจื—ื™ื‘ ื›ืจื’ืข ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื”.

ืžื” ืฉื™ืคื” ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืจืง ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ืจ, ืืœื, ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืขื™ื ืœืื˜ ืžื™ื“ื™ ื•ืœืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื™ืงื•ื. ื’ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืช ืงืž"ืฉ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื•ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื ื–ื ื™ื—ื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืืฉืœื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื“ืง. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืžืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืชืืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1971, ื”ื•ืขืœื” ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ืœืžื˜ื•ืก ืฉื˜ืก ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืจื‘. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื—ืช ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื–ื”ื” ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข. ืœืฉืžื—ืช ื›ื•ืœื, ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืื™ืฉืฉ ืืช ืชื•ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืกืชื™ืจื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืœืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ื”ืจืื” ืฉื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื—ืœืฃ ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” ืื™ื˜ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื—ืœืฃ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืก ืœื ื”ืชืงื“ื ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื•ื”ื™ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก.


ืžื” ืฉืžื“ื”ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืขืžื•ืงื” ื•ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ืœืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืชื•ืคืก ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ืฉืœื•. ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื ืกื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ืฉืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื•?

ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืืช ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช. ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืจื—ื•ืงื” ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื ืขื™ื ื–ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื–ื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืœืคื™ื ืื—ื“ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™. ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืžื‘ื˜ื™ื”ื ืžืฆื˜ืœื‘ื™ื ื ืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉื”ื ื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืง ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื‘ื• ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื’ืœื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ื. ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื, ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืกื™ืžื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ืืชื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืืชื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื. ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืกื™ืžื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืืชื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจ ืžื˜ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื”.

ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื•ืœืžืคื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืกื™ืžื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื’ืข ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื›ื•ืœื•. ื›ืœ ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืœืฆื•ืคื” ื•ืœืชื ื•ืขืชื• ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ ื›ืจื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื•, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื—ืจ, ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืื• ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœื•.


ืื ืขื•ืฆืจื™ื ืจื’ืข ื•ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช (ื•ืœืฆืขืจื™ ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื—ืžืง ืžื›ืš), ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื” ืื• ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื•ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ืœืขื‘ืจ/ื”ื•ื•ื”/ืขืชื™ื“ ื•ืื ืžื—ื™ืœื™ื ื–ืืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืžื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืขื“ ืงืฅ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช. ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ื–ืืช ื ืงืจืืช "ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืฉ".

ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื›ื•ืœื•, ื›ืืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืžืคื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืžืคื” ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืืช ืžื™ืงื•ืžื™ ื‘ืžืคื” ื•ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžื—ืคืฉ ืืช ื“ืจื›ื™ ืžืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื’ืžื•ืจื” ืฉืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™, ืฉื˜ืจื ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ืžื—ื›ื” ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื›ื ืก ื‘ืฉืขืจื™ื”. ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื˜ืจื ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืœื ืžืขื™ื“ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืžืฉื•ืชื” ื•ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืื•ืžืจืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ื•ื” ืจื’ืข ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื›"ืขื›ืฉื™ื•", ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืื ื™ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื‘ืžืคืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื•ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืžืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ืื—ืจ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœื™ ืื• ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœื™, ืืฉืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืคื”. ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”, ืฉืื ื™ ื—ืฉ ื•ื ืžืฆื ื›ืจื’ืข, ื‘ืจื’ืข ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื™, ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ืื—ืจ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืงืจื” ื•ืžื—ื›ื” ืœื™. ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืฉืœื™ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ (ื•ืื™ื ื” ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื”ื’ืขื” ืฉืœื™), ื›ืš ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœื™ ืืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ืชืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ (ื•ืื™ื ื” ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ืื™ ืžืžืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืข ื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื˜ืจื ื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืชื•).


ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืžืžืฉื™ ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื›ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืงื‘ืขื” ืžืจืืฉ ื•ืื™ื ื” ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื™ (ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื˜ืจืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” ื–ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื“ื•ื ื” ื‘ืคื•ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœื™).


ืฉืืœื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืื ื”ืžืจื—ื‘-ื–ืžืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื”? ื”ืื ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื• ืืช ื”ืืชืจ ืžื”ืžืื” ื” - 19, ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื "ืžืจื—ื‘-ื–ืžืŸ", ืฉืืžื ื ืื™ื ื” ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื” ืžื”ืืชืจ, ืื‘ืœ, ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ื. ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ื• ืชืชื—ื“ื“ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืืช ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ืžืกืงื ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื”ื ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืžืฉื“ื•ืช. ื”ืื ืฉื“ื•ืช ืืœื• ืื™ื ื ื‘ืขืฆื, ืฉื•ื‘, ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช? ืขืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืืœื• ื ื ืกื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื‘ืคื•ืกื˜ื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื.

ืœืžืจื•ืช ืคืจืกื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื•ืช, ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ืคืจืก ื”ื ื•ื‘ืœ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืขืœ ืžืืžืจ ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืคืจืกื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ืžื•ืคืœืื”. ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืืคืงื˜ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืืœืงื˜ืจื™ ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ื. ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืชืคื•ืก ืขื“ ื™ื•ืžื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื’ืจืžื” ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ืกืชื•ืจื™, ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื ื•...


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ืคื•ืกื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื

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